Tugas Jaringan Komputer

1. Jelaskan perbedaan antara routing statik dan routing dinamik, routing interior dan routing eksterior!
2. Jelaskan tentang distance vector dan link state!
3. Jelaskan tentang :
   • RIP (Protokol routing interior dengan algoritma distance vector)
   • IGRP (Protokol routing interior dengan algoritma Cisco distance vector)
   • OSPF (Protokol routing interior dengan algoritma link state)
   • EIGRP (Protokol routing interior dengan algoritma advance Cisco distance vector)
   • BGP (Protokol routing eksterior dengan algoritma distance vector)
4. Terdapat gambar jaringan berikut:
   

   

• Buatlah routing static sehingga semua komputer terhubung
• Buatlah routing dinamik sehingga semua komputer terhubung
• Jika terdapat 2 grup jaringan berikut:

Bagaimana cara menggabungkan kedua grup tersebut secara wireless sehingga menjadi 1 grup jaringan. Gunakan routing static dan routing dinamik alalu bandingkan!

Jawaban :

1. Perbedaan routing statis dan dinamis

Pada dasarnya perbedaan routing statis dan routing dinamis adalah cara mengenalkan alamat networknya. Routing dinamis pada prinsipnya hanya mengenalkan network yang berhubungan dengan router yang bersangkutan (kaki-kakinya). Hal ini sangat cocok untuk topologi jaringan lingkup besar (terhubung ke banyak network).  Sedangkan routing statis harus mengenalkan setiap alamat pada setiap network yang ingin dituju. Jadi secara gamblangnya harus tahu semua alamat yang ingin dituju. (cocok untuk topologi jaringan yang simple).

Atau dapat kita ringkas menurut fungsinya routing statis dan routing dinamis dibedakan sebagai berikut :

router statis
- router tidak berbagi informasi routing
- gateway terbatas
- routing tabel dibuat manualrouter dinamis
- router berbagi informasi routing secara otomatis
- gateway sangat banyak
- routing tabel dibuat dinamis

Perbedaan routing interior dan routing eksterior

INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOKOL

Interior Gateway Protokol menangani routing dalam sebuah Autonomous System satu Routing domain IGP mengetahui bagaimana untuk mendapatkan dari tempat ke tempat antara router Anda sendiri. IGP merupakan protokol routing dinamis melacak jalur yang digunakan untuk memindahkan data dari satu sistem akhir yang lain dalam sebuah jaringan atau jaringan set yang Anda Administrasi semua jaringan Anda mengelola dikombinasikan biasanya hanya satu Autonomous System Distance Vector Protokol Routing Information Protocol , Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) , Link State Protokol Open Shortest Path First , Intermediate System untuk Sistem Intermediate.

EKSTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOKOL

Untuk mendapatkan dari tempat ke tempat di luar jaringan Anda yaitu pada Internet Anda harus menggunakan Exterior Gateway Protocol Exterior Gateway Protokol routing yang menangani di luar Autonomous System dan mendapatkan Anda dari jaringan Anda melalui jaringan penyedia internet Anda dan ke jaringan lain. BGP digunakan oleh perusahaan dengan lebih dari satu penyedia jasa layanan internet untuk memungkinkan mereka untuk memiliki redundansi dan load balancing data mereka diangkut ke dan dari Internet Contoh EGP suatu Border Gateway Protocol(BGP) atau Exterior Gateway Protocol

2. Pengertian protocol Distance Vector dan Link State

Distance Vector Protocol menggunakan perhitungan jarak ditambah dengan jaringan intreface keluar (vector) untuk memilih jalur terbaik ke tujuan jaringan . Jaringan protokol (IPX, SPX, IP, Appletalk, DECnet dan lain-lain) akan meneruskan data menggunakan jalur terbaik yang dipilih.

Link State Protocol .memerlukan pengolahan daya lebih (logika sirkuit yang lebih dalam kasus ASICs) dan memori. Distance vector algoritma yang sederhana membutuhkan perangkat keras sederhana.

3. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) adalah routing protocol yang paling sederhana yang termasuk jenis distance vektor. RIP menggunakan jumlah lompatan (hop count) sebagai metric dengan 15 hop maksimum. Jadi hop-count yang ke-16 tidak dapat tercapai dan router akan memberikan pesan error ?destination is unreachable? (tujuan tidak tercapai). Daftar tabel route RIP ini akan di-update setiap 30 detik dan administrative distance untuk RIP adalah 120. Untuk menerapkan RIP ke suatu router.

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) adalah protocol distance vector yang diciptakan oleh perusahaan Cisco untuk mengatasi kekurangan RIP. Jumlah hop maksimum menjadi 255 dan sebagai metric, IGRP menggunakan bandwidth, MTU, delay dan load. IGRP adalah protocol routing yang menggunakan Autonomous System (AS) yang dapat menentukan routing berdasarkan system, interior atau exterior. Administrative distance untuk IGRP adalah 100.

OSPF merupakan sebuah routing protokol berjenis IGP yang hanya dapat bekerja dalam jaringan internal suatu ogranisasi atau perusahaan.OSPF merupakan routing protokol yang menggunakan konsep hirarki routing, artinya OSPF membagi-bagi jaringan menjadi beberapa tingkatan. Tingkatan-tingkatan ini diwujudkan dengan menggunakan sistem pengelompokan area. Dengan menggunakan konsep hirarki routing ini sistem penyebaran informasinya menjadi lebih teratur dan tersegmentasi, 
EIGRP ( Enhanched Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) adalah routing protocol yang hanya diadopsi oleh router cisco atau sering disebut sebagai proprietary protocol pada cisco, dimana EIGRP ini hanya bisa digunakan sesama router cisco. EIGRP menggunakan formula berbasis bandwidth dan delay untuk menghitung metric yang sesuai dengan suatu rute. EIGRP melakukan konvergensi secara tepat ketika menghindari loop.

EIGRP tidak melakukan perhitungan-perhitungan rute seperti yang dilakukan oleh protocol link state. Hal ini menjadikan EIGRP tidak membutuhkan desain ekstra, sehingga hanya memerlukan lebih sedikit memori dan proses dibandingkan protocol link state. Konvergensi EIGRP lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan protocol distance vector. Hal ini terutam disebabkan karena EIGRP tidak memerlukan fitur loop-avoidance yang pada kenyataannya menyebabkan konvergensi protocol distance vector melambat. Hanya dengan mengirim sebagian dari routing update (setelah seluruh informasi routing dipertukarkan). EIGRP mengurangi pembebanan di jaringan. EIGRP menggunakan protokol routing enhanced distance vector, dengan karakteristik sebagai berikut:

• Menggunakan protokol routing enhanced distance vector.
• Menggunakan cost load balancing yang tidak sama.
• Menggunakan algoritma kombinasi antara distance vector dan link -state.
• Menggunakan Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) untuk menghitung jalur terpendek.

Border Gateway Protokol (BGP) merupakan salah satu jenis routing protokol yang digunakan untuk koneksi antar Autonomous System (AS).BGP mempunyai skalabilitas yang tinggi karena dapat melayani pertukaran routing pada beberapa organisasi besar. Oleh karena itu BGP dikenal dengan routing protokol yang sangat rumit dan kompleks.

4. Membuat jaringan dengan router
   

   a. routing statis

Perintah pada Router0 (Starling)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname Sterling
Sterling(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Sterling#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Sterling#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Sterling(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Sterling(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Sterling(config-if)#
Sterling(config-if)#exit
Sterling(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Sterling(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Sterling(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
Sterling(config-if)#exit
Sterling(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Sterling(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
Sterling(config-if)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Hoboken#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Sterling#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Sterling(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Sterling(config)#ip route 172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
Sterling(config)#ip route 172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.2
Sterling(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Sterling#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Sterling#

Perintah pada Router1 (Hoboken)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Hoboken
Hoboken(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Hoboken#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Hoboken#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hoboken(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Hoboken(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Hoboken(config-if)#
Hoboken(config-if)#exit
Hoboken(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Hoboken(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Hoboken(config-if)#
Hoboken(config-if)#exit
Hoboken(config)#interface Ethernet0/1/0
Hoboken(config-if)#exit
Hoboken(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Hoboken(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
Hoboken(config-if)#exit
Hoboken(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Hoboken(config-if)#ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
Hoboken(config-if)#exit
Hoboken(config)#interface Ethernet0/1/0
Hoboken(config-if)#ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
Hoboken(config-if)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Hoboken#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Hoboken#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hoboken(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
Hoboken(config)#ip route 172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.2
Hoboken(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Hoboken#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Hoboken#

Perintah pada Router2 (Waycross)

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Waycross
Waycross(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Waycross#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Waycross#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Waycross(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0
Waycross(config-if)#ip address 172.16.5.1 255.255.255.0
Waycross(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Waycross(config-if)#exit
Waycross(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Waycross(config-if)#ip address 172.16.4.2 255.255.255.0
Waycross(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Waycross(config-if)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Waycross#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Waycross#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Waycross(config)#ip route 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.1
Waycross(config)#ip route 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.4.1
Waycross(config)#ip route 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
Waycross(config)#
Waycross(config)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Waycross#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Waycross#

b. Membuat jaringan dengan routing dinamis

Perintah pada Router0 (Starling)

Sterling>enable
Sterling#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Sterling(config)#router rip
Sterling(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Sterling(config-router)#
Sterling(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Sterling#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Sterling#

Perintah pada Router1 (Hoboken)

Hoboken>enable
Hoboken#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hoboken(config)#router rip
Hoboken(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Hoboken(config-router)#
Hoboken(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Hoboken#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Hoboken#

Perintah pada Router2 (Waycross)

Waycross>enable
Waycross#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Waycross(config)#router rip
Waycross(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Waycross(config-router)#
Waycross(config-router)#end
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Waycross#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename [startup-config]?
Building configuration...
[OK]
Waycross#

c. Menghubungkan dua jaringan dengan menggunakan cloud

Untuk menghubungkan jaringan dengan menggunakan cloud maka pada salah satu router pada salah satu jaringan dihubungkan dengan cloud, sedangkan router pada jaringan lainnya dihubungkan dengan menggunakan modem DSL. Selanjutnya dilakukan konfigurasi routing seperti biasa. Pada tiap router masing-masing jaringan untuk mengakses router yang masih dalam jaringan sendiri menggunakan routing statis, sedangkan untuk mengakses ke luar menggunakan routing dinamis.

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263 - Number Chains - UVA Online Judge

Number Chains

Given a number, we can form a number chain by

1. arranging its digits in descending order
2. arranging its digits in ascending order
3. subtracting the number obtained in (2) from the number obtained (1) to form a new number
4. and repeat these steps unless the new number has already appeared in the chain

Note that 0 is a permitted digit. The number of distinct numbers in the chain is the length of the chain. You are to write a program that reads numbers and outputs the number chain and the length of that chain for each number read.

Input and Output

The input consists of a sequence of positive numbers, all less than , each on its own line, terminated by 0. The input file contains at most 5000 numbers.

The output consists of the number chains generated by the input numbers, followed by their lengths exactly in the format indicated below. After each number chain and chain length, including the last one, there should be a blank line. No chain will contain more than 1000 distinct numbers.

Sample Input

123456789
1234
444
0

Sample Output

Original number was 123456789
987654321 - 123456789 = 864197532
987654321 - 123456789 = 864197532
Chain length 2

Original number was 1234
4321 - 1234 = 3087
8730 - 378 = 8352
8532 - 2358 = 6174
7641 - 1467 = 6174
Chain length 4

Original number was 444
444 - 444 = 0
0 - 0 = 0
Chain length 2

Solve of Problem

Number Chains Algorithm

1.   Get a number (M) as an integer number

2.   Check M value  If  M is a positive number greater than 0  then do next step ,  if M=0 then terminate the program , otherwise just  re input  M

3.   Set N by get a descending value of  M

4.   Set O by  an ascending value of M

5.   Set  P=N – O

6.   Set counter=1

7.   Print M as original number

8.   Do step 9 until 13 while N – O  is not same P ( I use Do … While ) , otherwise jump to step 14

9.   Print number chain ( N – O = P )

10. Set P =N – O

11. Set N by get a descending value of  P

12. Set O by get an ascending value of  P

13. Increase the counter  by 1

14. Print the counter as chain length

15. Back to step 1 for the next input until EOF

 Here is the code with java language

import java.util.Scanner;

class NumberChains {

    String getAsc(int num){

        char temp;

        char no[]=String.valueOf(num).toCharArray();

        for (int  i =0 ; i < (no.length)-1; i++) {

            for (int  j =0 ; j < (no.length)-1-i; j++) {

                if(no[j]>no[j+1]){

                    temp=no[j];

                    no[j]=no[j+1];

                    no[j+1]=temp;

                }

            }

        }

        return String.valueOf(no, 0, no.length);

    }

    String getDesc(int num){

        char temp;

        char no[]=String.valueOf(num).toCharArray();

        for (int  i =0 ; i < (no.length)-1; i++) {

            for (int  j =0 ; j < (no.length)-1-i; j++) {

                if(no[j]<no[j+1]){

                    temp=no[j];

                    no[j]=no[j+1];

                    no[j+1]=temp;

                }

            }

        }

        return String.valueOf(no, 0, no.length);

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);

        NumberChains nc=new NumberChains();

        int M=-1;

        int counter;

        while(M!=0){

            M=s.nextInt();

            if(M!=0){

                int N=Integer.parseInt(nc.getDesc(M));

                int O=Integer.parseInt(nc.getAsc(M));

                counter=1;

                System.out.println("Original number was "+M);

                int P=N-O;

                do{

                    System.out.println(N+" - "+O+" = "+(N-O));

                    P=N-O;

                    N=Integer.parseInt(nc.getDesc(P));

                    O=Integer.parseInt(nc.getAsc(P));

                    counter++;

                }while(N-O!=P);

                System.out.println("Chain length "+counter);

            }

       }

    }

}

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Netherland Fellowship 2012

VU Fellowship Programme (VUFP), VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands - Scholarships, Grants & Student Loan Information - Scholarships Grants Loan

VU Fellowship Programme (VUFP), VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands

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December 7, 2011

The VU Fellowship Programme (VUFP) is a highly selective scholarship for students who have excellent study results and are strongly motivated.

For whom?
For international students enrolling in preselected master’s degree programmes starting September 2012, as listed on the website (Please note, this list will be published shortly, in the meantime, please start applying).

For international students enrolling in the bachelor’s degree programme International Business Administration, starting September 2012.

Requirements
In his or her prior academic education abroad, the applicant must have achieved excellent study results which are relevant for the programme for which the student whishes to enroll.

The applicant will be among the top 10% of his/her class for the relevant programme followed abroad.

Duration and number of scholarships
Selected students will receive a scholarship for the duration of the degree programme. However, the scholarship will only be renewed if the student is making satisfactory progress towards the degree.

Amount of scholarship
There are two amounts for the VUFP scholarship:

5.000 euro for EU-students
15.000 euro for non-EU-students

Eligibility criteria
The applicant must meet the eligibility criteria in order to be considered for this scholarship:

Not have the Dutch nationality;
Have been admitted to an international master’s programme, as preselected by the faculty, or IBA;
Hold a relevant bachelor’s degree (for a master’s programme) or secondary school diploma (for IBA);
Be able to comply with the condition to obtain a Dutch visa.

Failure to meet one or more of these criteria means automatically that the student is not eligible for a VUFP scholarship.

Application procedure
Deadline for application is 1 March 2012.

First step is applying for the VUFP scholarship at vufp.dsz@vu.nl

Please send in the following documents:

Proof that you belong to the top 10% of your class (issued by your university) or university statement concerning your GPA (Grade Point Average)
Motivation letter (Why do you think you deserve the VUFP scholarship?)
Financial Plan listing your budget (other scholarships etcetera).

Publication of selection
The results of the selection of VUFP scholarship will be published at the website by the end of April 2012.
The VU Fellowship will be paid to you in installments during the academic year.

For questions please mail us at: vufp.dsz@vu.nl

For more information, please visit official website: www.vu.nl
--==ooOOOoo==--

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My Geometric part2 (Indonesian version)

Hi all if you had read my article ( my geometric part-1 ) about the use of OOP in resolving the case then this is the advanced geometry program. program is written using Java language-based GUI. I am using Swing Make Over in making the appearance. Here's a simple display of the program. 

 

 

Here is the  source

Type text or a website address or translate a document.

Cancel

Indonesian to English translation

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International Doctoral Scholarships in Informatics, Kyoto University, Japan - Scholarships, Grants & Student Loan Information - Scholarships Grants Loan

INTERNATIONAL DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN INFORMATICS
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INFORMATICS
KYOTO UNIVERSITY 2012

The Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho) offers a 2012 scholarship for admitted Ph.D. course students who wish to engage in research on Informatics, mainly in English, at the Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University.

1. COURSES AND NUMBER OF ADMISSIONS
(1) Courses
The Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, consists of the following departments:

Intelligence Science and Technology
Social Informatics
Applied Analysis and Complex Dynamical Systems
Applied Mathematics and Physics
Systems Science
Communications and Computer Engineering

Applicants must choose one of the above as their majoring field when applying for this program.

(2) Number of applicants to be admitted
Eight successful applicants will be admitted.

2. DETAILS on ELIGIBILITY
(1) Eligibility: Applicant must be from a country with which Japan has official diplomatic relations, and must be currently studying/working outside of Japan. Those who are currently staying in Japan are not eligible for this program.
(2) Age: Applicant must be under 35 years of age as of April 1, 2012.
(3) Academic qualifications: Applicant must satisfy one of the following conditions by the end of September 2012.
i. Holds a master’s level degree.
ii. Has completed 16 years of school education in a foreign country and subsequently spent at least two years conducting research in a university, research institute, or other such facility, and is recognized through research achievements as having scholastic ability on a par with or higher than that of a person who has completed a master’s degree at a graduate school in Japan.
iii. Is recognized by the school, on the basis of individual screening of application, as having scholastic ability on a par with or higher than that of a person with a master’s degree, and is at least 24 years of age.

(4) Recommendation
Each applicant must be officially recommended to the president of Kyoto University by the president of the university or the dean of the faculty/graduate school of the university from which the applicant has graduated. Said university must meet the conditions mentioned in (3). In addition, any applicant who is currently working must submit an official letter of recommendation written by the head of the employing organization.

(5) Physical and mental health
Applicant must be physically and mentally healthy enough to carry out studies at Kyoto University.

(6) Language ability
Applicants must be competent in English.

(7) Other conditions
i. Each admitted student must arrive in Japan between October 1 and October 7, 2012.
ii. Any applicant who is affiliated to any military entity at the end of March 2012 is ineligible.
iii. Any applicant who receives scholarship money from his/her government, or from any other foundation, will not be accepted.

3. DETAILS of SCHOLARSHIP
(1) Stipend:
Approximately 156,000 yen per month. This will be provided for a maximum of 36 months, but will not be paid in cases of extended leave from academia.
(2) Travel expenses:
i. To Japan
An economy-class air ticket between the international airport closest to the admitted student’s home address and Kansai International Airport will be provided.
ii. From Japan
An economy-class return air ticket home from Japan will be offered on condition that the admitted student will be leaving Japan within the last-payment month of the scholarship.

(3) School fees:
Entrance and tuition fees will be waived.

4. SELECTION AND ADMISSION
(1) 1st stage selection
The Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, examines the documents submitted and makes a preliminary selection. Those selected are recommended to the Japanese Government for the 2nd stage selection. Results of this selection will be conveyed to the applicants by the end of April 2012.

(2) 2nd stage selection
The Japanese Government examines the applications recommended by Kyoto University and decides on the final candidates for the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho) Scholarship. Applicants will be informed of the final decision by the end of August, 2012. The Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, will send certificates of admission to the successful applicants at this time.

5. DOCUMENTS FOR 1ST AND 2ND STAGE SELECTION
The following documents must arrive on or before January 6, 2012 at
School Affairs Division
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University
Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku
Kyoto 606-8501 Japan.

(1) Application Form.
(2) Application for Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho) Scholarship.
(3) Certificate of Health issued on or after October 1, 2011.
(4) Copy of official family register or equivalent document indicating nationality. (May be a photocopy of applicant’s passport).
(5) Copy of Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree certificates, diplomas or equivalent certificate, indicating expected date of graduation.
(6) Official undergraduate and graduate level academic records/transcript.
(7) Recommendation letter written by dean of applicant’s graduate school, addressed to president of Kyoto University.
(8) Recommendation letter written by applicant’s graduate or undergraduate supervisor, or person of equivalent standing.
(9) If applicant is currently working: a recommendation letter written by head of employing organization.
(10) Research plan of activities at Kyoto University (3 pages or less, A4 size).
(11) Name of prospective supervisor at Kyoto University, whom applicant contacted through his/her supervisor.
(12) List of scientific publications.
(13) Brief description of academic achievements (3 pages or less, A4 size).
(14) Copy of Master’s Thesis (or its equivalent). If thesis is not in English, translation or summary should be prepared in English and attached.
(15) Copy of applicant’s TOEFL or TOEIC score or equivalent to show applicant’s English skill. (See Note 6(6) below)
All above documents, excepting copy of applicant’s Master’s Thesis, must be in English.
These documents will not be returned to the applicant.

6. NOTE
(1) Before applying, applicants should contact their prospective supervisor at Kyoto University through introduction by their supervisor at home university If there is anything unclear about qualifications for application to this program, applicants should consult School Affairs Division (See 7. CONTACT INFORMATION below).
(2) Applications for Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho) Scholarship may not be submitted to multiple academic/research institutions.
(3) Admission may be revoked if application is found to include false information.
(4) Scholarship may be revoked if:
i. There has been a breach in the pledge to the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho).
ii. Student has been subject to disciplinary action, or has been deemed unproductive.

(5) Applicants are urged to read up on and understand Japanese customs, climate and general life. In addition, although research activities will be in English, basic Japanese should be learned for daily interaction.
(6) Applicants are expected to submit a TOEFL or TOEIC score if available. If documents demonstrating applicant’s English skill (such as TOEFL or TOEIC score) can’t be submitted, English skill will be evaluated via interview, English publication paper written by applicant etc.

7. CONTACT INFORMATION
Address all inquiries to:
School Affairs Division
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University
Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku
Kyoto 606-8501 Japan.
E-mail: jyoho-kyomu@mail2.adm.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Fax: +81-75-753-5379

For more information, please visit official website: www.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp

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Won Elinfo Competition

It was surpise for me, that we won the Java Competition. But, thank you for the GOD who give our victory.

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IPv4 to IPv6 Transition part-3

IPv6 transition

The differences between IPv4 and IPv6 can be overcome by creating a method of Hosts - dual stack and Networks - Tunneling on network devices, such as routers and servers. So each router receives a packet, the router will sort out the packet
to determine the protocol used, then the router will forward to the layer above it. In this way can also guarantee implementation of communication between users of IPv4 and IPv6 users.  Look at the picture below.

 

Sample of Infrastructure in IPv6

 

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IPv4 to IPv6 Transition - part 2

Addressing in IPv6

A. Unicast Address (one-to-one) 

Used to communicate one on one, by pointing to one host. On Unicast address consists of:  

1. Global, addresses that are used for example to address provider or address geographical.  
2. Link Local Address is the address used within one link only. Which referred to here is the link local network connected to each other on one level. This address is created automatically by the host that has not received global address, consisting of 10 n-bit prefix that begins with "fe80" and the fields along the 118-n bits indicating the number of hosts. Link Local Address used in the provision of an IP address automatically.
3. Site-local, which is equivalent to a private address address, which is used is limited in the site only. This address can be given freely, provided unique within the site , but can not send packet with the destination address in outside of the site. 
4. Compatible

B. Multicast (One-to-many)

Multicast is used for one-on-many communication with the host of the group pointed. This in IPv4 multicast address is defined as a class D, selected based on range goals.

C. Anycast

It's refers to the host of the group, but the packets are sent only on one host only. In this type of address, an address given at multiple hosts, to define a collection of nodes. If any packets sent to this address, the router will send packets to the nearest host that has the same Anycast address. In other words, the owner handed the package to the destination router of the most "suitable" for the delivery of the package. Use this example to multiple Anycast servers that provide services such as DNS (Domain Name Server). By providing Anycast Address same address on those servers, if there are packets sent by a client to this address, the router will choose the nearest server and sends the packet to the server. Thus, the load on the server can be distributed evenly. For anycast is not provided specific rooms. If against multiple hosts are given a same address, the address is regarded as Anycast Address.

How IPv6 Address is written ?

IPv6 Address is using model x: x: x: x: x: x: x: x where 'x' in the form of 16-bit hexadecimal value portion of the address, because there are 8 pieces of 'x' is the sum total there are 16 * 8 = 128 bits. An example is

          FEDC: BA98: 7654: 3210: FEDC: BA98: 7654: 3210

If the format of IPv6 addressing group contains a collection of 16-bit addresses, ie
'x', which is 0 then it can be represented as'::'. Examples are:

                      FEDC: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 7654: 3210

It can be represented as FEDC:: 7654: 3210 And 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 can be represented as:: 1
Model x: x: x: x: x: x: dddd where 'dddd' is the IPv4 address of a kind
167.205.25.6 is used for automatic tunneling. Examples are:

                       0:0:0:0:0:0:167.205.25.6 or:: 167.205.25.6
                    0:0:0:0:0: ffff: 167.205.25.7 or: ffff: 167.205.25.7

So if now access the address on the internet for example 167.205.25.6 in time format will be replaced by a kind ::ba67: 080:18. As with IPv4, IPv6 uses bitmask for the purposes subnetting is represented as prefix-length representation on CIDR techniques used in IPv4, such as: 3ffe: 10:0:0:0: fe56: 0:0 / 60

showed that 60 bits are network side bit early. If the IPv4 IP recognize the division of classes into class A, B, and C then the IPv6 was conducted based on class divisions fomat prefix (FP) is the initial bit address format. For example:

                                   3ffe: 10:0:0:0: fe56: 0:0 / 60

then if the note 4 bits beginning of hexa '3 ' prefix obtained for 4-bit format is the beginning of 0011 (ie the value '3' hex in binary).

IPv6 class

There are several important classes of IPv6 are:

1. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses: it includes the addressIPv6 with 001 bit early. 
2. Link-Local Unicast Addresses: it includes the IPv6 address with a bit early 1111 1110 10.
3. Site-Local Unicast Addresses: it includes the IPv6 address with a bit early 1111 1110 11.
4. Multicast Addresses: it includes is a bit IPv6 address beginning of 1111 1111. In the IPv4 protocol known addresses 127.0.0.1 is a special kind refer to localhost, this address is represented as 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or :: 1 in IPv6 protocol. In addition to the known IPv6 addresses and other special

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 is known as the unspecified address must not be is given as recognition to an interface.

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